Chapter 1 A Short Story - 853 Words

Bren nodded to 6D7 after he and the droid agreed to save thr mysterious young woman. Bren shook his head, knowing fill well he would have to improvise and BS most of the way through this. Soon the droid broke their silence on the way with a few beeps. Bren looks over What? You dont think I have a plan for this? the droid gave a low sigh like noise in response. Hey buddy, Bren would stop to comfort his droid You know Ive got one. The droid would give a scoff Dont worry, we got this, 6D7. Bren would quickly reply with a sly smirk on his face, but if 6D7 had eyes, one would certainly have seen them roll at his masters comment. The pair would soon arrive at a small weapons shop run by a Trandoshen, Bren held up a picture of the†¦show more content†¦He would quickly, casually walk over to the stage where she worked and sat down. A beep from his comlink on his gauntlet interrupted the show only for a moment. What is it, 6D7? Bren spoke into his communicator quietly as he could manage. The droid replied with a few beeps and whistles I dont know, check to see if the hanger is open. Do you still have that spike from the job on Rodia, buddy? Bren asks the droid in his still hushed tone to which the droid replied Then use it and tell me when you find something good, this will be a real short trip if you cant find a good ship. The droid beeped again, questioning his master. Do you not think that I know Jedi arent suppose to steal? Just do it, 6D7. The comlink went silent as the communication ended between the pair. After a drink or two, Tatooine sunsets mostly, Bren would get to talking to the young woman, just as she ended her set on the stage, a large Gammorean moving towards the two to stop him from potentially harming her, to which the woman would wave him aside Im Staod Huton, Im here to rescue you and take you back to your father. Bren would introduce himself to the young dancer. The dancer would cock an eyebrow at him, her gaze falling over Bren to size him up Arent you a little short for that, honey? The dancer would reply dismissively towards him Look, do you want out of here or not because I can just leave you here and let your daddy come findShow MoreRelatedShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 1971 Words   |  4 PagesIse said nothing though she did raise an eyebrow. Naoko coughed nervously and continued, â€Å"It’s just an idea but I’d like to at least try it out to see if it’ll even work and since you’re said to be really god with kidÃ…  I thought you could help me.† Ise’s face still looked unamused though when she spoke there was a hint of interest in her voice, â€Å"How did you come up with that idea?† The teen shrugged, â€Å"I read about a weapon Quincies have used called Seele Schneider. It’s like a sword but made ofRead MoreShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 1739 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"I guess Yuri was right, which is mildly convenient† Sabra said. â€Å"The place is almost empty, their numbers are extremely low.† Screaming from a young woman could be heard coming from another room, surprising them. Turning their attention in the direction the scream was coming from. Everyone tried to move towards the screaming, before being halted by Paisley. â€Å"One group can go check that out. We need to go and look for Vittorio, it shouldn’t be an issue to split up for a little.† â€Å"I’m certainRead MoreShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 11430 Words   |  6 Pagesher eyes, which were unable to see his in the darkness, then he checked to see Torins hand placed against her small waist more in reassurance than in having to hold her close to the wall. Once they reached the top landing, Duncan pulled the short braided rope attached to an old bronze ships bell. The clang rang off the stone walls which echoed loud enough to surly raise the dead at the very least to alert the household as was the intent. Duncan stepped back to let the door swing outward, whichRead MoreShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 12137 Words   |  9 Pagesbrothers got in and went back to the motel. â€Å"Fay gets the bed,† Sam was about to protest when Dean quickly shut him up. â€Å"She stabbed a ghost in the eye twice, killed him, made friends with a ghost, and saved both our asses,† Fay just grabbed her black shorts and tank then walked into the bathroom. Stripping down, she turned on the hot water, letting the warmed rinse off the dirt and grime from the asylum. Turning off the water, she grabbed her toothbrush. As she got out the toothpaste there was a knockRead MoreShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 12195 Words   |  9 Pageshappened to me would be considered within parameters. From there, they let me out of the machine and I faked being Sister long enough to be sent on my way.† Finishing off my water I set it down and nervously licked my lips. â€Å"And that’s basically my story. After leaving I got a new kit, put myself up in a hotel and over the next few days I wandered around, saw the city, did some research, and experimented a bit with being an Esper... Any questions?† Mikoto and Kuroko stared at each other and at Mikoto’sRead MoreShort Story Chapter 11266 Words   |  6 Pagesfright. Drakes smirk grew as he noticed this. You dont have a choice. As soon as those words made their way into the dead air he bolted towards the other boy. Shadow pushed Jace behind him and braced for the incoming attack, and not like other stories, this one hit its mark. He winced, and noted the body behind him. Activating the pipes in his calves he dashed towards a clearing only to take a fireball to the back. Come back and fight me coward! Drake was catching up fast. Shadow struggledRead MoreShort Story Chapter 1774 Words   |  4 PagesThey made it out of Viridian Forest not long after defeating that swarm of Beedrill. It was getting close to evening by the time they made it to the next route, so they stopped to make camp for the night. It would be another two hours before they could make it to Pewter City if they continued. It was safest to just make camp. They sat around the fire Spitfire had made for them. Misty was the only one who didnt release her Pokà ©mon. Rattata snuggled in Gabbys lap and ate from the bag of chips inRead MoreChapter 1 Short Story922 Words   |  4 Pagesfather’s council table. He looks to her for advice even in granting justice. Since her mother’s death, the Princess is more the Queen than anything els e. She might offer you some perspective.† Gwen nodded. She glanced toward the sky to see Sol just short of his zenith overhead. â€Å"Perhaps we should ride on then?† â€Å"We’d make Whitgate in a few hours. Perhaps we might find suitable lodgings afterwards?† Seeing Gwen’s reluctance to put her out further in her eyes, Blancheflor insisted, â€Å"You are my guestRead MoreChapter 1 : A Short Story1136 Words   |  5 PagesKaterina stepped out of the shadow of the filing cabinet. She pushed her hood down and swung her sniper off of her back before leaning it against the wall. â€Å"Hey Maria.† She said as she placed the suitcase onto agent Hills desk. The brunette glanced at her before she looked back to her computer screen and continued to type. â€Å"Hello, Shadow.† The young woman snorted and quickly appeared next Hill, slinging an arm over her shoulders. â€Å"Oh, don’t be like that. You know calling me ‘Agent Volkova’ overRead MoreShort Story : Chapter 11085 Words   |  5 PagesThe pillow seemed to sink a little, and Johnny died. I looked towards Dally, his face turned ten times younger, his face, his hard, mean, face had tears rolling down it. â€Å"...Johnny†¦Ã¢â‚¬  his voice whispered faintly, but Johnny said nothing. He could not. Dally had a pained expression that only someone who knew him could recognize, his hands were in fists. â€Å"We’re leaving,† Dally demanded, â€Å"Wait† the nurse said jogging towards us, â€Å"Johnny wanted you to have this.† she handed me Gone With the Wind. I took

Critical Analysis Of Mills Pig Thesis - 1727 Words

A Critical Analysis of Mill’s â€Å"Pig Thesis† John Stuart Mill published his seminal essay Utilitarianism in 1863. In this essay he builds on the work of his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, who sought to create a scientific approach to ethics, and responds to common criticisms of Bentham’s philosophy. Mill retains the core of Bentham’s Utilitarian philosophy, the Greatest Happiness Principle, but differs from Bentham’s position that pleasure is homogenous and that good actions seek only to produce greater quantities of pleasure, i.e. Quantitative Utilitarianism. Mill asserts that qua our uniquely higher faculties, human beings are capable of, and require, activities which produce qualitatively different pleasures than other animals, i.e.†¦show more content†¦However, in his formulation of Utilitarianism Bentham sees pleasure as a homogenous good, varying only in terms of quantity. The pithy formulation of this idea is found in Bentham’ s Rationale of Reward where he contends that â€Å"Prejudice apart, the game of push-pins is of equal value with the arts and sciences of music and poetry† (Bentham, 206). Bentham’s lack of distinction between pleasures leads to the criticisms of his philosophy as hedonistic and fit only for swine. It is in response to these charges that Mill introduces the concept of qualitatively different pleasures. Keeping the underlying structure of Utilitarianism, with the Greatest Happiness Principle as its prime axiom, Mill diverges significantly from Bentham’s view of pleasure as essentially uniform. Mill introduces the notion that pleasures can differ in terms of quality, saying that â€Å"it would be absurd that while, in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone†. This insight is based primarily on Mill’s assertion that â€Å"Human beings have facul ties more elevated than the animal appetites† and that due to this fact we require pleasures of a higher quality to attain happiness. It is important to note however, that Mill does not see human beings as fundamentally different in kind from animals, such that his contention is not based on a conception of human

The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay Free Essays

Within The Elephant Vanishes, an anthology of short narratives by Haruki Murakami, and The Outsider, a novel by Albert Camus, civilization is examined and the reader is invited to see civilization as following set regulations and modus operandis. Through the supporters, the reader understands that civilization observes these behaviors without inquiry and in making so are robotic. One of the ways this thought is reinforced through mentions to nutrient. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Food is shown to fall in people ceremonially and who you portion your nutrient with reveals penetrations about the civilization in which you live. Through the action of the texts and first individual narratives the supporter is established as different to the civilization. In the short narrative, Sleep, the supporter noted, ‘I went to the life room, switched on the floor lamp beside the couch, and sat there imbibing a full glass of brandy ‘ ( page 84 ) . Although she enjoys intoxicant, she has to imbibe by stealing. She is restricted in her freedom to bask intoxicant because her hubby does non O.K. of it. Her hubby ‘s business as a tooth doctor precludes her from eating cocoas until an inadvertent reminder of old cocoa flakes wedged between the pages of the book ‘I found a few crumpling flakes of cocoa stuck between the pages ‘ ( page 90 ) . She was so inspired to liberate herself from the bonds of her hubby ‘s dental fraternity norms. She unashamedly indulged herself on this pleasance impetuously, ‘I felt a enormous impulse to hold the existent thing ‘ ( page 90 ) . In Sleep, clocking for tiffin is exactly at 11 40, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ I looked at my ticker. Eleven Forty. Eleven Forty! † ( Page 91, Elephant Vanishes, Sleep ) . The typical type of nutrient was, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦minced scallionsaˆÂ ¦buckwheat noodlesaˆÂ ¦dried seaweedaˆÂ ¦tofu † ( page 91 ) . The mention to the exact clip and the type of tiffin indicate modus operandi. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦Cup of coffeeaˆÂ ¦two pieces of staff of life, spread them with butter and mustard, and had a cheese sandwich † ( Page 89 ) , something which the supporter wants to get away from. It is merely when she breaks with the conventional regulations that she feels as though she is populating. The hubby sitting on the couch reading the newspaper shows the cultural modus operandi of people in their mundane life, ‘While I cleared the tabular array, my hubby sat on the couch reading the paper ‘ ( page 92 ) . ‘I made my hubby his usual java ‘ ( page 89 ) . The supporter is cognizant of cultural outlooks of which her hubby tenaciously adhere to populating through the same everyday every twenty-four hours. ‘Anna Karenina lay there beside him, but he did n’t look to notice. He had no involvement in whether I read books ‘ ( Page 92 ) . The hubby did non pay attending to his married woman ‘s involvements or in the fact that it was his ain book, which she was reading. It is the everyday and humdrum that he is occupied with the supporter lives through every twenty-four hours making whatever gives her pleasance. This rareness of freedom necessarily leads her to seeking nutrient for pleasance while the hubby, so ingrained in modus operandi, appears robotic. Although nutrient symbolically represents modus operandi in The Outsider, it besides establishes Meursault as an foreigner of the civilization. Both of Mersault ‘s friends, Masson and Raymond ‘s immoral behavior has the civilization sort them as foreigners. Due to their unusual behaviors, when these people meet to bask nutrient together, it demonstrates that they encompass similar features of personalities which are deemed unconventional from cultural outlooks. The protagonist drinks wine to attach to nutrient with Raymond and Masson ( page 53 ) . In this context, imbibing intoxicant is an acceptable pattern and civilization, both for work forces and adult females where it was observed by Mersault that Marie, his girlfriend â€Å" aˆÂ ¦she ‘d had a spot excessively much to imbibe † ( page 53 ) . However, the fact that when Marie, commented, â€Å" Do you cognize what clip it is? It is half past 11 † ( page 53 The Foreigner ) , a fact acknowledged by Masson when he responded, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the clip to hold tiffin is when you are hungry † ( page 53 The Foreigner ) , indicates that for Masson, nutrient is an person ‘s pick non regulated by outlooks of a fixed agenda. At his place, Mersault appears to prefer â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ smoke, and eating chocolatesaˆÂ ¦ † during mealtimes ( page 26 ) The Outsider, while he watched the people below his flat from his gallery. In the text, Meursualt made brooding observations of people that were dressed otherwise within the local community that went passed the street, ‘He was have oning a straw chapeau and a bow tie and transporting a walking-stickaˆÂ ¦ I understand why local people said he was distinguished ‘ ( page 25-26 ) . This reveals the distinguishable behavior of Meursault alongside the normal behavior of the civilization. Similarly, Meursault was besides recognised by the persons that went passed the street, ‘The local misss, with their hair down, were walking weaponries in armsaˆÂ ¦ I knew several of the misss and they waved to me. ‘ ( page 27 ) . Later in the eventide Mersault â€Å" went down to purchase some staff of life and some pasta, did my cookery and I ate standing up † ( page 28, The Outsider ) , a position of which is non dictated by conformist pattern. Mersault ‘s behavior and penetrations uncover how persons within the community stand out by their mere visual aspect that are easy recognizable that identifies them to be ‘different ‘ or ‘distinguishable ‘ . In add-on, Meursault does repair his eating agenda by a peculiar clip. This farther confirms that he is an unplanned and disorganised individual unlike the ‘robot adult female ‘ ( page 45-46 ) The Outsider. The automaton adult female â€Å" aˆÂ ¦while she was waiting for her hors d’oeuvre she opened her bagaˆÂ ¦took the exact amount plus a tipaˆÂ ¦meticulous undertaking occupied her throughout the repast † ( page 46 ) The Outsider. The robot adult female contradicts Meursault ‘s character, in that he would instead follow his peculiarity with respects to most of his determinations about when, how, where and what to eat. The robot adult females on the other manus, showed the features of order and way when she ordered her repast, ‘She called Celeste over and ordered her whole repast at one time, talking exactly but quickly. ‘ ( page 46 ) of which afterwards she ‘dived into her bag once more and took out a bluish pencil and a magazine which gave the wireless programmes for the hebdomad. One by one, she really carefully ticked about every programmeaˆÂ ¦ ‘ ( page 46 ) . From this rigamarole, the automaton adult female ‘s actions seem to follow a set of modus operandi. In the narrative, The Second Bakery Attack, the supporters were freshly married and did non pre-empt carrying nutrient in their house, ‘Our icebox contains non a individual point that could be technically categorized as nutrient ‘ ( page 37 ) . â€Å" aˆÂ ¦a bottle of Gallic dressing, six tins of beer, two shrivelled onions, a stick of butter, and a box icebox deodorizer † ( page 37 ) . This is a symbol of how empty their lives are. Although they work, go to bed at set times, conforming to the modus operandis of work, they are metaphorically, unsated. The twosome ‘s conformist behavior seems to put them to their ‘hunger ‘ . In order to happen a remedy to interrupt their hungriness, the twosome opposed convention by robbing Mc Donald ‘s, ‘Attack another bakeshop. Right off. Now. It ‘s the lone manner. ‘ ( page 43 ) . During the robbery, the director of the shop showed typical features of conventionality by the demands o f conformation from the upper authorization stating, ‘I ca n’t make that. I ‘ll be held responsible if I close up without permission ‘ ( Page 46 ) . From this, it shows that the larger bulk of the civilization such as the director and workers are similar to the automaton adult female in that their lives are dictated by order and modus operandi and merely a really little proportion of people operate in a non-conformist manner. Finally, in The Wind-up Bird and Tuesday ‘s Women, the supporter cooks spaghetti for breakfast. He chooses to populate outside the modus operandi of the civilization and this is reflected by his pick of cookery and eating spaghetti in the forenoon, ‘ † Spaghetti? â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ ‘ It ‘s merely ten-thirty in the forenoon. What are you making cooking spaghetti at ten-thirty in the forenoon? † ( page 5, The Wind-Up Bird and Tuesday ‘s Women ) asked the adult female who telephoned place for 10 proceedingss of his clip. In both The Elephant Vanishes by Haruki Murakami and The Foreigner by Albert Camus, nutrient are focused as a symbol that represents modus operandi or an person ‘s desire to hold freedom. The function of the characters is reflected in the type of nutrient they chose to eat, where and when the repartee of nutrient takes topographic point. When any of these engagements of nutrient varies, one can spot that these characters may be far-out, bizarre or stand-alone in their relationship to the larger civilization. ( Word Count: 1428 ) How to cite The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay, Essay examples

International Commercial Law Convention Deals

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for International Commercial Law for Convention Deals. Answer: Introduction It is regardless to say that the very nature of future is uncertain. When there exists long term contracts between the parties, there may be situations where prices are suddenly increasing, inflating rising and thereby performance becoming onerous due to changing economic conditions around the globe. However, all such conditions are required to be foreseen by the parties. Contracts can be framed in such a manner by giving provision for the future uncertainties, like by fixing the price and defining performance. Thus, only except of unforeseen situations, the contract shall yield and guarantee performance. One of the paramount features in law of contract is most considerably, the sanctity of contract. The Latin phrase clearly says that the contract must be respected. Parties are mandated to adhere and abide by the terms of the contract agreed between them, as a matter of principle. Thus, this explains the reason as to why international sales remain unaffected by economic hardship as per the Vienna Convention on International Sales[1]. Under international law, it has become a rule for the arbitrators to consider the terms of contract agreed between the parties as supreme. The contract terms are mandated to be respected by the arbitrator as stated under the Arbitration treaty law[2], arbitration rules[3] and arbitration statutes[4]. Further, the sanctity of contract principle has also been confirmed by the arbitrators. This main objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the statement [] the principle of sanctity of contracts (pacta sunt servanda) as the leading maxim of contract law generally has priority over changes in the surrounding economic conditions.[5] For this purpose, the paper has been divided into various sections. The first section deals with the principle of sanctity of contract and seeks to analyze the principle in detail with respect to case laws. The second section deals with a principle, which stands contract to that of sanctity, which is flexibility of contract and also examines the grounds for defending the principle of flexibility. In further sections, the paper seeks to examine the interaction between changed circumstances and sanctity of contract and thus focuses on hardship clause, which is provided as a remedy for any change in circumstances. In the last sections, the main discussion shall be regarding the remedies, which the arbitrators or parties may avail in rega rds to changed circumstances. The principle of sanctity of contract pacta sunt servanda Pacta sunt servanda is a Latin phrase, which in English means that the pact or the agreement must be respected. It is a basic principle of civil and international law, which governs contractual relationship between parties. Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties also provides for the principle of pacta sunt servanda and states that every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith. In west, two significant principles, namely, pacta sunt servanda and the contract is the law of the parties protects the fundamental right relating to conclusion of contract between the parties. It is important for the parties to abide by the agreement in all the circumstances. These principles of contract law are not only applicable to contracts governing private persons but also governing state parties. These principles are recognized are eminent rules of private law, which govern the aspects of agreement between the parties and also as rules of law of treaties, which govern the aspects of arbitration among states.[6] Analysis of various commercial arbitration cases show that in addition to the legal issues raised before the arbitral tribunal, the objective of discussion between the parties is to establish the primacy of the principle of sanctity in commercial arbitration contracts over principle of flexibility as followed in the Western culture. The tribunal while giving Sapphire[7] award stated that the principle of sanctity is fundamental principle, which the international courts constantly proclaim by holding that it is pertinent to respect every contractual obligation undertaken by the party. Further, the rule of pacta sunt servanda governs the basis of each and every contractual relationship in the private international law. [8] Earlier award of Aramco[9] and of Sapphire were referred in the Topcos case[10] and it was states that international jurisdiction has never doubted on the existence and implementation of the rule of pacta sunt servanda in international law and thus this maximum must be viewed as a fundamental principle governing the international law. Further, the sole arbitrator in the case of Liamco[11], upheld this principle by stating that international law and practice have widely accepted that unilateral termination of contract is survived by the arbitration clause, which is inserted in the agreement by the parties and this clause continues even after the contract terminates. [12] The principle of sanctity of contract found its application to equal parties but jurists and scholars have extended the applicability of this principle of the contracts governing relations of states as well as private persons. The principle has been integrated and well extended to the international commercial arbitration contracts. Such contracts are now considered binding on the parties and none of the parties have the right to abrogate, modify or nullify the contract unilaterally.[13] The Flexibility Contract Principle It has been observed above that the principle of sanctity is well observed by the international law. However, scholars have countered the aspects of absolute sanctity while stressing on the requirement of brining flexibility in terms of legal implications and performance of international commercial contracts. They have generally pointed out on the very nature of such contracts, which influences the scope of national economic development and governmental functions. Most common arguments raised and their respective defenses and discussions in respect of flexibility of the contract principle of sanctity in international commercial arbitration have been analyzed in the sections below: The argument relating to public interests To defend the flexibility contract principle it has been argued that in reference to international commercial contracts relating to natural resources, these are closely associated with economic development and are underlying instruments of public policy. Thus, in such contracts of natural resources various countries cannot bind themselves in regards to economic welfare of the country since the relationship formed under the contract might derogate with time and affect welfare. Thus, for contracts relating to public interest or welfare, it is pertinent to ensure flexibility principle in application. The argument relating to denial of international status Another argument that defends the principle of flexibility, states that international contracts should not be governed by the public international law rather the law of the host state. Since, individuals were not considered subjects of international law; therefore it was valid to deny the status of international to commercial contracts. This argument was raised in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case by The Permanent Court of International Justice.[14] However, the above argument was countered[15] by stating the view that if state contracts are modified or abrogated, then that shall refer to breach of the international law. It was further stated that the doctrine of flexibility has a fundamental error, which would have been removed if the lawyers of public international law would have give due regard and significance to the teachings, character and role of private international law. In cases where there is no scope for any problem to arise under the customary public international law, it is not possible for any breach of contract to factually occur and thus the principle of pacta sunt servanda goes un-infringed. The private international law of the respective forum governs the contracts. Such law not only has the power to sustain the contract but also modify or abrogate the contractual bond in its entirety. The argument relating to changed circumstances To defend the principle of flexibility, it has been argued that if pacta sunt servanda being the principle of public international law applies to international contract then there are other principles of international law, particular the principles of changed circumstances, which comprise of expectations to the former principle. Principle of changed circumstances as defined under Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties as clausal rebus sic stantibus states that in regards to the inter-state agreements, there is not absoluteness in the principle of sanctity of contract. [16] Various international jurists have the view that the principle of changed circumstances can be considered as an exception or reservation to the principle of pacta sunt servanda in international law. This view of jurists has now come to be accepted generally in the international law. Contractual Provisions on Changed Circumstances Parties may agree to implement a hardship clause in their agreement, when there are any chances that future situations may change. Some of the hardship clauses state that the on occurrence of certain specified situation or circumstance, the contract shall be terminated. However, there are other clauses also, namely the price revision clause or the indexation clause, which state that in change of circumstances even the terms of contract shall change. Further, clauses like that of adaptation clause provide that the parties are ordered to adapt to new circumstances as per the contract terms. Various authors have argued that hardship clause in a contract pertaining to long-term relations between the parties must be dealt like a custom. In other words, such a clause of hardship must be implied in long term contracts even when not expressly agreed to between the parties. However, if in contractual terms, parties specifically include a clause of hardship, it shall help in proving that no such general customary principle relating to hardship clause exists.[17] Further, the scope and implication of hardship clause varies in various types of such clauses. The application, scope and remedy of each of hardship clauses are different and thus a customary principle cannot be easily based on such varied and diverse hardship clause. Considering this situation, arbitrators have refused to consider hardship clause as customary in long term contracts rather they have focused on strict interpretation of such clauses as per the facts and circumstance of each case. This means that if there is a clause in the contract that mentions specific changes then such clause must be interpreted in a manner that no other change could be considered or taken into account while dealing with the contract. However, it cannot be said that mere presence of hardship clause shall exclude the entire application of general law relating to changed circumstances. This is so because it is almost impossible for the parties to negotiate and thereafter draft such hardship clause that is capable of covering all possible effects from which performance is likely to be affected. Thus, such changes which cannot be covered under the hardship clause may be applied by integrating the general law on changed circumstances. The arbitrators in the Arbitration Court of the Japan Shipping Exchange[18] stated as follows while recognizing this principle: The relation between this Article (renegotiation clause) and the principle of change in situation is such that the present article does not exclude the said principle, but provides for either one of the parties to request the other for consultation to amend the price, even in the instances where the principle of the change in situation does not need to be applied. Thus, in case of special circumstances, parties may instruct the tribunal to consider such circumstances that have changed post the dispute between the parties. The Iran-US Claims Tribunal [19]also stated that it is the very duty of the tribunal to consider and taking into account any change in circumstances between the contracting parties. Relationship between Pacta Sunt Servanda Rebus Sic Stantibus Most national legal systems have a rule that the binding force of the contract may get affected due to change circumstances. The maximum rebus sic stantibus: when things remain same even the contract remains binding, ensures possibility of such situations. Restricted interpretation of the maxim rebus sic stantibus shall be done to limit the huge scope of its analysis. Such expressed contractual terms are excluded that could not be satisfied, like changes relating to failure to perform as per the contractual conditions. Also, the act of God or Force Majeure, is excluded, since it makes the performance of contract completely impossible[20]. The main of this paper shall be to consider and analyze such changes, which make the performance erroneous rather than impossible. Various legal systems have incorporated the principle of rebus sic stantibus and it is also an important principle of international law. Even the judges of Iran-US Claim Tribunal recognized this principle under the Vienna Convention. Further, the judges stated that with wide implementation of this principle in the national legal systems, it shall not be unreasonable to regard it as a general principle of law.[21] International Law International treaty law defines the principle of Rebus sic stantibus. The Vienna Convention on the law of treaties, 1969 in its Article 62 defines and explains this principle of rebus sic stantibus. The Article 62 states as follows: A fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred with regard to those existing at the time of the conclusion of a treaty, and which was not foreseen by the parties, may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from the treaty unless: (a) the existence of those circumstances constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty; and (b) the effect of the change is radically to transform the extent of the obligations still to be performed under the treaty. The exception nature of this rebus sic stantibus has been demonstrated by the wording of Article 62. It ensures that this principle is considered subordinate to that of pacta sunt servanda and the same has been clearly stated under Article 26 of the Vienna Convention. It is pertinent for the change in circumstances to be fundamental in nature. The change must be such that the survival of State has been jeopardized entirely. Change cannot be in nature of mere currency reforms or loss in matters of economic interest. In the case of Fisheries Jurisdiction[22], the International Court stated that change must be vital in nature: it should be such that it imperils or prevents the vital development or existence of either of the parties. Further, the change should be such that none of the parties to the contract could reasonable foresee the same. However, it must be noted that even when the principle of rebus sic stantibus is indentified as a rule of international law by arbitrators and invoked by various parties, relief on such ground has not been granted to the parties. Tribunals and even the International Court of Justice have refused to consider the principle of rebus sic stantibus as a treaty.[23] National Law Performance when circumstances of contract change are excused under English Law, as per the doctrine of frustration of purpose. However, the party who demands excuse in performance under this doctrine must prove that the circumstances have changed radically due to which the performance undertaken as per the contract could not be fulfilled. But, the English judges have shown reluctance in implementing this doctrine to state that the contract has been frustrated.[24] Arbitration Practice In regards to international arbitration, implementation and impact of rebus sic stantibus has not been explored. Generally, arbitrators have been strict in implementing this principle to international contracts. Further, arbitrators have concluded that in any case where the mutual convent ants become impossible to perform, the contract shall be rendered impossible. This vitiates the very essence of contract. Thus, in only handful of cases, this doctrine has been actually implemented into the legal scenario relating to change in circumstances. Rather, arbitrators and tribunals have relied on renegotiation between parties in case of change in circumstances as an effective remedy to such problem. Such renegotiation may be included as a part of contract and state that parties may renegotiate in case of any change in circumstances.[25] Also, on successful renegotiations, rearrangement of contractual relationship may be done. However, it is equally important to identify the situation if such renegotiation fails. The clause dealing with renegotiation must be framed in such a manner that it provides solution to all possible situations. Conclusion The above analysis has critically discussed various aspects of the principle of sanctity of contracts. In international contracts, arbitration is the remedy to solve disputes between the parties. Thus, it is important to understand various complexities and rules of international law, which are considered by the arbitrators, tribunals and international courts. The principle of sanctity of contract or pacta sunt servanda states that the parties must serve the agreement or must fulfill the agreement, which leads to contractual relationship. In other words, it can be stated that the parties in no way can derogate from the agreement and ensure every action with the objective to fulfill contractual obligations agreed. It can be analyzed that this principle is a leading maxim under contract of law, which is also agreed by the arbitrators and used while dealing with international law. However, it is needless to say that parties under contract may face change in situations, due to which performance of contract gets affected. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that even when arbitrators have accepted the principle of rebus sic stantibus under international law, it has not been implemented into practical situations dealing with contracts. This principle is also considered as subordinate to pacta sunt servanda. Since, it imposes an obligation on the parties to perform. Further, as a remedy to changed circumstances, arbitrators have opted for the remedy of renegotiation between the parties. This remedy also seeks to fulfill the objective of pacta sunt servanda because it holds that in change of circumstances, parties may renegotiate to new agreement but must fulfill their obligations as per the agreement. Thus, it can be finally concluded that principle of sanctity of contract is the leading principle of contract law and is given priority even in change of circumstances or over the principle of flexibility of contract. References Article 79 of the Vienna Convention deals with force majeure, excludes economic hardship. European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, 1961, Article VII. C.C. Arbitration Rules, Article 13.5; UNCITRAL Rules, Article 33.3. UNCITRAL Model Law, Article 28(4) already incorporated in many countries. Klaus Peter Berger, Renegotiation and Adaption of International Investment Contracts: The Role of Contract Drafters and Arbitrators, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, (2003) 36, 1347, 1353. Hamid Reza Nikbakht Fini, State Contract and Abitration, (1990, unpublished thesis, p. 26) Sapphire Intl Petroleums Ltd. v National Iranian Oil Co.,[1967]. George R. Delaume, State Contract and Transnational Arbitration, The American Journal of International Law. (1981) 75, 11. Arabia v Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 27 I.L.R. 117, 168 (1958). Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co. v Libya (Topco/Calasiatic Case), 53 I.L.R. 389 (1977). Libyan American Oil Company (LIAMCO) v Government of the Libyan Arab Republic, 17 I.L.M. 3 (1978). Doak Bishop, International arbitration of Petroleum Disputes: the development of a Lex Petrolea, Cepmlp Journal, (2000). Wehberg, Pacta sunt Servanda, American Journal of International Law, 1959, p.775; J. F. Lalive, Contracts Between a State or a State agency and a Foreign company, 13 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1964, p.987 Oxford Journal vol. 13 No. 3. Bing B. Tia, The regime of straits in international law, Oxford University Press, (1998). A. Mann, England Rejects Delocalised Contract and Arbitration, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, (1983) vol. 33. p. 194-195. Geiger, The Unilateral Changes of Economic Development Agreements, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, (1974), p. 100. C.C. award No. 5953 (1989), J.D.I., 1990, 1056 at 1059. Arbitration Court of the Japan Shipping Exchange, award September 20, 1975, Yb. Comm. Arb., 153 at 154. Questech decision 9 Iran-US C.T.R., 122-123. Court of Arbitration at the Polish Chamber of Foreign Trade, award February 11, 1958, Comm. Arb., 1981, 147 at 148. Questechdecision, 9Iran - US C.T.R., 122-123. International Court of Justice,Fisheries Jurisdiction case, ICJ Reports, 1973, 4 at 20. Yearbook ILC, 1963, II, 208;Yearbook ILC, 1966, II, 257; R. VAN MEHREN and P. KOURIDES, "International arbitrations between state and foreign private parties: the Libyan nationalisation cases",J.I.L., 1981, 475 at 532. Lauritzen A.S. v. Wijsmuller B.V., "The Super Servant Two",1 Lloyd's Rep., 1990, 1. C.C. award No. 4761 (1987),J.D.I., 1987, 1012. [1] Article 79 of the Vienna Convention deals with force majeure, excludes economic hardship. [2] European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, 1961, Article VII. [3] Eg: I.C.C. Arbitration Rules, Article 13.5; UNCITRAL Rules, Article 33.3. [4] Eg. UNCITRAL Model Law, Article 28(4) already incorporated in many countries. [5] Klaus Peter Berger, Renegotiation and Adaption of International Investment Contracts: The Role of Contract Drafters and Arbitrators, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, (2003) 36, 1347, 1353. [6] Hamid Reza Nikbakht Fini, State Contract and Abitration, (1990, unpublished thesis, p. 26) [7] Sapphire Intl Petroleums Ltd. v National Iranian Oil Co.,[1967]. [8] George R. Delaume, State Contract and Transnational Arbitration, The American Journal of International Law. (1981) 75, 11. [9] Arabia v Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 27 I.L.R. 117, 168 (1958). [10] Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co. v Libya (Topco/Calasiatic Case), 53 I.L.R. 389 (1977). [11] Libyan American Oil Company (LIAMCO) v Government of the Libyan Arab Republic, 17 I.L.M. 3 (1978). [12] R. Doak Bishop, International arbitration of Petroleum Disputes: the development of a Lex Petrolea, Cepmlp Journal, (2000). [13] H. Wehberg, Pacta sunt Servanda, American Journal of International Law, 1959, p.775; J. F. Lalive, Contracts Between a State or a State agency and a Foreign company, 13 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1964, p.987 Oxford Journal vol. 13 No. 3. [14] Bing B. Tia, The regime of straits in international law, Oxford University Press, (1998). [15] F. A. Mann, England Rejects Delocalised Contract and Arbitration, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, (1983) vol. 33. p. 194-195. [16] R. Geiger, The Unilateral Changes of Economic Development Agreements, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, (1974), p. 100. [17] I.C.C. award No. 5953 (1989), J.D.I., 1990, 1056 at 1059. [18] Arbitration Court of the Japan Shipping Exchange, award September 20, 1975, Yb. Comm. Arb., 153 at 154. [19] Questech decision 9 Iran-US C.T.R., 122-123. [20] However arbitrators sometimes bring the former also under the heading of "changed circumstances - rebus sic stantibus".E.g.Court of Arbitration at the Polish Chamber of Foreign Trade, award February 11, 1958,Yb. Comm. Arb., 1981, 147 at 148. [21] Questechdecision, 9Iran - US C.T.R., 122-123. [22] International Court of Justice,Fisheries Jurisdiction case, ICJ Reports, 1973, 4 at 20. [23] Yearbook ILC, 1963, II, 208;Yearbook ILC, 1966, II, 257; R. VAN MEHREN and P. KOURIDES, "International arbitrations between state and foreign private parties: the Libyan nationalisation cases",A.J.I.L., 1981, 475 at 532. [24] J. Lauritzen A.S. v. Wijsmuller B.V., "The Super Servant Two",1 Lloyd's Rep., 1990, 1. [25] I.C.C. award No. 4761 (1987),J.D.I., 1987, 1012.